ACTIVITY "INTERNAL COORDINATION"

MATCH the two halves of each sentence.

1. The endocrine system                                                 a. produces insulin.
2. The thyroid gland                                                        b. produces the growth hormone.
3. Thyroxin enables the body                                           c. is responsible for growth and reproduction.
4. The pancreas                                                              d. to absorb nutrients.
5. Insulin controls                                                            e. produces thyroxin.
6. The pituitary gland                                                       f. the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.

ACTIVITY "THE NERVOUS SYSTEM"

Read the following definitions and write the words:

1.This part of the brain controls voluntary movements.
2. This part of the brain coordinates movements and maintains balance.
3. This part of the brain regulates internal organs.
4. These are the principal cells of the nervous system.
5.These are involuntary movements in reponse to external stimuli.

ACTIVITY " THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM"

TRUE OR FALSE? Decide if the following statements are true or false. If they are false,correct them.

1. When muscles contract, they become longer.
2. When muscles relax, they return to their original length and thickness.
3. Tendons connect the bones of a joint.
4. Antagonistic muscles perform the same action.
5. Arms bend at the elbow with a flexing movement.

ACTIVITY "THE BODY"

COMPREHENSION.Write the words of each sentence in the correct order to make sense:

1. body/ supports/ the / the/ skeleton
2. meet / places/ bones/ two / joints/ where / are / the
3. ends /the / of/ cartilage / covers/ bones/ the
4. flexible / strong / ligaments / are / tissue

INTERNAL COORDINATION

The nervous system controls and coordinates al the body´s internal processes, such as the beating of the heart and the digestion of food.
To do this, it controls involuntary muscles and the endocrine system.

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES work automatically.
We cannot control them with our decisions.

The body needs involuntary muscles in order to function correctly.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is responsible for functions such as growth and reproduction.

It consists of endocrine glands, which secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

The principal glands in the endocrine system are:

_ THYROID GLAND: It produces the hormone thyroxin, which enables the body to absorb nutrients.

-PANCREAS: It produces insulin, which controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.

-OVARIES (female) and testes (male); they produce sex hormones, which are responsible for reproduction.

-PITUITARY GLAND:It coordinates other endocrine glands and also produces growth hormone.

FUNTIONS

The nervous system sends and receives information.

It coordinates the functions of internal organs. It also coordinates systems like the digestive system.

PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. This system receives information, interprets it, and decides on a reponse.

The brain has three parts:
- The cerebrum controls voluntary movements.
- The cerebellum coordinates movements and maintains balance.
- The brain stem regulates internal organs.

The spinal cord controls reflex movements.

The peripherial nervous system consists of nerves. It transmits information from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to other organs.

NEURONS

Neurons are the principal cells of the nervous system. They receive and transmit information. They are grouped together to form nerves.

REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

There are two types of movements:

-Reflex movements: these are involuntary movements in response to external stimuli.

-Voluntary movements:these movements are the result of decisions.

ACTIVITY 5

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. Digestion/ circulation is the movement of blood through the circulatory system.
2. Our heart/ stomach works like a pump.
3. It never stops eating/ beating.
4. There are three kinds of food/ blood vessels.
5. Arteries carry blood into/away from the heart.
6. Veins carry blood away from/ into the heart.
7. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. They reach/ don´t reach every part of our body.

ACTIVITY 4

JOIN THE CORRECT HALVES.

1.First the air                                                 a. air leaves the lungs.
2.Then it                                                        b. tiny sacs of air.
3.Next it                                                        c. enters through the nose.
4.In the lungs                                                 d. oxygen passes into the blood.
5.Alveoli are                                                  e. our lungs fill with air.
6.In the alveoli                                                f. the bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles.
7.When we inhale                                           g. passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea.
8.When we exhale                                          h. goes through the two main bronchi into each lung

Now write the complete sentences in order.

ACTIVITY 3

VOCABULARY

MATCH.

Capillaries-                      -are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.

Veins-                             -are tiny blood vessels which connect arteries to veins.

Arteries-                          -are blood vessels which carry blood into the heart.

AND NOW WRITE THE SENTENCES

ACTIVITY 2

ORDER THE STEPS IN THE EXCRETION PROCESS.

----- The kidneys filter the blood.
----- Urine is expelled through the uretha.
----- Urine is carried by the ureters.
----- Blood goes through the kidneys.
----- Urine is formed.
----- Urine is stored in the bladder.

ACTIVITY 1

UNDERLINE THE WORDS RELATED TO BREATHING

inhalation       exhalation     intestine    expiration      bronchi      lungs    liver    kidney   trachea    oxygen

digestion  stomach   small intestine  oesophagus  large intestine   bronchioles larynx  nose  pharynx

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulation is the movement of blood through the circulatory system. Circulation carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body, and collects waste substances, which can be dangerous.

Our heart works like a pump, and moves blood through the body.It never stops beating.

Blood vessels are tubes which transport blood through the circulatory system. There are three kinds: arteries, veins and capillaries.

- Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.

-Veins are the blood vessels which carry blood into the heart.

-Capillaries are tiny blood vessels which connect arteries to veins. They reach every part of our body.

BLOOD CIRCULATION

There are two circulatory systems:

-Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs. Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries and goes to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

-Systemic circulation is the movement of blood to the rest of the body. Blood with oxygen from the lungs leaves the heart through the aorta. It distributes nutritive substances and oxygen throughout the body. Finally, it returns to the heart through the vena cava.

The respiratory system

In addition to nutrients, we need oxygen to live. We breathe to obtain oxygen from the air.

This function is carried out by the respiratory system.It is made up of the nose, air passageways ( the tubes which carry air in and out of the body), and the lungs.

- First, the air enters through the nose. Then it passes through the pharynx, the larynx, and the trachea. Next, it goes through the two main bronchi and into each lung. In the lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles. There are tiny sacs of air at the end of the bronchioles called alveoli.

-In the alveoli, oxygen from the air passes into the blood. The blood releases carbon dioxide which passes into the alveoli. It is toxic, and the body expels it.

Two movements, inhalation and exhalation, cause the air to circulate:
When we inhale, our lungs fill with air.
When we exhale, air leaves the lungs.

The excretory system

Our body produces waste substances which go into the blood, and can be dangerous.
Excretion is the elimination of these waste substances.

-The kidneys are the organs of the excretory system. These two organs filter the blood and produce urine. This is made up of water (95%) and waste substances (5%). The urine leaves the kidneys and passes through the ureters, two tubes which go to the bladder. The urine accumulates there until it is expelled through the urethra.

-The sweat glands in the skin also help in excretion. They make sweat.

activity

small intestine    anus   pharynx   mouth   oesophagus stomach     large intestine


Follow the path that food takes.Put the organs of the digestive system in order: mouth...

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

We need to eat. Food gives us energy which we require for our daily activities. It also gives us the substances which we need to grow.

The digestive system converts the food we eat into nutrients which our body can absorb. It carries out three important functions:digestion, absorption and the elimination of waste.

DIGESTION

- First, food is chewed in the mouth, and mixed with saliva produced by the salivary glands.Gradually, a mass of chewed, soft food is formed.

-Then, this food moves down the pharynx and the oesophagus, and passes into the stomach.

-Next, it mixes with gastric juices in the stomach. This produces a thick liquid called chyme.

-Finally, the chyme leaves the stomach and reaches the small intestine.It mixes with juices from the intestine, the pancreas and the liver. All the substances which we require have now been separated.

ABSORPTION

In the small intestine, the substances which we need are absorbed into the blood.

ELIMINATION OF WASTE

The chyle loses its nutritional value as it passes through the small intestine.
Only undigested substances, like fibre, remain and move to the large intestine.
The large intestine removes water from these substances, and forms solid waste called faeces.
This is expelled through the anus.

DIET

The food which someone normally eats over a period of time is called their diet. For good, healthy nutrition, our diet must be complete and balanced.

A complete diet includes nutrients from all the food groups.

A balanced diet includes the right amount of each nutrient.

OTHER NUTRITIVE SUBSTANCES

Vitamins and minerals are essential for our bodies to function well. Fruits and vegetables are good sources,but minerals and vitamins are also found in other foods. Milk give us calcium for our bones.

Water.Most of our body is made up of water, so it is essential. We drink water, and our body also obtains water from food.

Fibre helps food to move through the digestive system. It is found in fruits, vegetables and whole-grains.

NUTRIENTS

Nutrients are the substances which our body needs to survive, grow and repair itself. Nutrients also give us energy.

Carbohydrates give us energy.There are two types of carbohydrate. Sugars are in foods which taste sweet.Starches are in bread, potatoes and legumes.

Fats also give us energy. We get some fats, such as butter, from animals. We get other fats, such as olive oil, from plants.

Proteins help our body to grow and repair itself. Meat, fish and legumes are good sources of protein.