PHYSICAL MAP OF SPAIN

LOOK AT THIS PHYSICAL MAP OF SPAIN

THE CENTRAL PLATEAU

The Central Plateau has two parts, the northern area and the southern area. It is divided by the Central Mountain Chain.

MOUNTAIN LANSCAPES

The most important mountain ranges are:

- The Pyrenees, in the north.

-The Betic Chain,in the south-east.

-The Cantabrian Chain, in the north-west.

-The Iberian Chain, north-east of the Central Plateau.

DEPRESSIONS

There are two large depressions around the Ebro and Guadalquivir river basins.

ISLAND LANDSCAPES

The Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, are volcanic and very mountainous.

The Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean Sea, are not very mountainous.

ACTIVITY "THE LANDSCAPE"

COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES

1. The Central Plateau is divided by the ...
2. The Pyrenees are in the ...
3. The Betic Chain is in the ...
4. The Cantabrian Chain is in the ...
5. The Iberian Chain is in the .......of the Central Plateau.
6. The ... are very mountainous.
7. The ... are not very mountainous.

CASING AND STRUCTURE

The casing is the outer part of a machine.It protects the machine from dust, moisture and damage. The structure is the frame of the machine, and it supports the weight.

OPERATING PARTS AND MECHANISMS

The operating parts are the components of a machine, such as wheels, axles, springs and chains.

A mechanism is a group of operating parts which work together to perform a specific task.For example, on a bicycle, the gears and chain form a mechanism.

ENGINES AND MOTORS

An engine or a motor is the part of a machine which produces movement.

-Combustion engines use chemical energy from fuel. Cars and aeroplanes have combustion engines.

-Electric motors use electrical energy. Electric machines, such as trains or cameras, have electric motors.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Machines which use an electrical current have electrical circuits.

-Electronic circuits are electrical circuits with very small components.

-Microchips, the smallest circuits, have tiny electronic circuits. Microchips are used in digital cameras, telephones and many other electronic devices.

ACTIVITY "INSIDE A MACHINE"

READ THESE DEFINITIONS AND WRITE THE CORRESPONDING WORDS.

1. The outer part of a machine.
2. The frame of the machine which supports the weight.
3. The components of a machine, for example, wheels,axles,etc.
4. A group of operating parts which act together to perform a specific task.
5. Engines which use chemical energy from fuel.
6. Components which have tiny electronic circuits and are used in digital cameras, telephones,etc.

MACHINES

Machines are devices which use the action of a force or convert one type of energy into another. For exemple, a bicycle is a machine which transforms human energy into mechanical energy.

Machines save us time and physical effort.

TYPES OF MACHINES

Some machines, such as pulleys, are very simple because they have very few components. Other machines, such as computers, are complex because they have many components.

Machines can be classified depending on the energy source. There are machines which work with:

-Human energy, such as a bicycle or a hammer.
-Water or wind, such as watermill or windmill.
- Fuel, such as a car or a gas stove.
-Electricity, such as a washing machine or a mobile phone.

MACHINES WHICH PRODUCE MOVEMENT

Many machines produce movement, such as escalators, cars or food blenders. These machines have a motor or an engine. The motor converts fuel or electrical energy into movement.

THERMAL MACHINES

Thermal machines, such as heaters and air conditioners, produce heat or cold.

INFORMATION-PROCESSING MACHINES

Information-processing machines are used for communication and calculations. For exemple, we can communicate with others using mobile phones, and we can make calculations on computers.

ACTIVITY MACHINES

READ THESE SENTENCES AND CORRECT THE WRONG INFORMATION.

1. A bicycle is a machine which transforms mechanical energy into human energy.
2. Pulleys have many components.
3. A hammer works with wind energy.
4. A washing machine works with fuel.
5. Computers are simple machines.

FORCES AND DISTORTIONS

Forces can distort some objects temporaly or permanently.

Elastic objects, such as a spring, return to their original shape when the force stops acting upon them. They are distorted temporaly.

Non-elastic objects, such as a piece of plasticine, remain permanently distorted when the force has stopped.

FORCES AND MOTION

Forces can affect motion in many different ways. They can:

-Make something move:for exemple, when you open a door, you push or pull to move the door.
-Stop a moving body:for example, when a basketball player catches a ball, the ball stops.
-Change the direction of a moving object: for exemple, when a tennis player hits a ball, it goes to the other side of the court.
-Increase the speed of a moving body: for exemple, the force a skateboarder uses to push the skateboard makes it go faster.
-Reduce the speed of a moving body:when the skateboarder puts both feet on the skateboard, the wheels rub against the ground and friction makes the skateboard go more slowly.

ACTIVITY FORCES AND MOTION

MATCH THE TWO HALVES OF EACH SENTENCE

1.Elastic objects                                            a.make something move.
2.Non-elastic objects                                    b.it stops.
3.Forces can                                                 c.are distorted temporaly
                                                                        by force.
4.When a tennis player hits a ball                   d.are permanently distorted
                                                                        by force
5.When a basketball player catches a ball      e.it changes direction.